Mindfulness and compassion meditation are thought to cultivate prosocial behavior. However, the lack of diverse representation within both scientific and participant populations in contemplative neuroscience may limit generalizability and translation of prior findings. To address these issues, we propose a research framework calledIntersectional Neurosciencewhich adapts research procedures to be more inclusive of under-represented groups. Intersectional Neuroscience builds inclusive processes into research design using two main approaches: 1) community engagement with diverse participants, and 2) individualized multivariate neuroscience methods to accommodate neural (...) diversity. We tested the feasibility of this framework in partnership with a diverse U.S. meditation center (East Bay Meditation Center, Oakland, CA). Using focus group and community feedback, we adapted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) screening and recruitment procedures to be inclusive of participants from various under-represented groups, including racial and ethnic minorities, gender and sexual minorities, people with disabilities, neuropsychiatric disorders, and/or lower income. Using person-centered screening and study materials, we recruited and scanned 15 diverse meditators (80% racial/ethnic minorities, 53% gender and sexual minorities). The participants completed the EMBODY task – which applies individualized machine learning algorithms to fMRI data – to identify mental states during breath-focused meditation, a basic skill that stabilizes attention to support interoception and compassion. All 15 meditators’ unique brain patterns were recognized by machine learning algorithms significantly above chance levels. These individualized brain patterns were used to decode the internal focus of attention throughout a 10-min breath-focused meditation period, specific to each meditator. These data were used to compile individual-level attention profiles during meditation, such as the percentage time attending to the breath, mind wandering, or engaging in self-referential processing. This study provides feasibility of employing an intersectional neuroscience approach to include diverse participants and develop individualized neural metrics of meditation practice. Through inclusion of more under-represented groups while developing reciprocal partnerships, intersectional neuroscience turns the research process into an embodied form of social action. (shrink)

Background Care homes have been disproportionately affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Practical challenges of enacting infection control measures in care home settings have been widely reported, but little is known about the ethical concerns of care home staff during the implementation of such measures.. Objectives To understand the ethical challenges perceived by care home staff during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Research design An exploratory qualitative study. Participants and research context A purposive sample of 15 care home staff (...) in different roles and ranks in Hong Kong was recruited to take part in semi-structured interviews between June and August 2020. Ethical considerations Ethical approval for this study was obtained. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. Participants had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without reprisal. Findings Three themes were identified: unclear legitimacy regarding infection control measures, limited autonomy in choices over infection control measures and inevitable harms to residents’ well-being. While the participants expected that they would have legitimated power to implement infection control measures, they were resistant when their right to self-determination of testing and vaccination was infringed. They also felt trapped between ethical duties to protect care home residents from infection risk and the anticipated detrimental effects of infection control measures. Conclusions The findings of this study reveal tensions among the ethical obligations of care home staff in response to a public health emergency. They highlight the importance of strengthening ethical sensitivity and ethical leadership in identifying and resolving the challenges of pandemic responses. (shrink)

Background Moral sensitivity and academic integrity discernment hold paramount importance for healthcare professionals. Owing to distinct undergraduate educational backgrounds, nurses and physicians may exhibit divergent moral perspectives, academic integrity cognisance, and moral sensitivity within clinical environments. A limited number of studies have investigated the disparities and congruencies pertaining to moral sensitivity and academic ethical awareness among nursing and medical students. Objective The study compares moral sensitivity and academic ethical awareness of undergraduate nursing and medical students with and without clinical exposure. (...) Research design A self-administered cross-sectional survey conducted from January to February 2022 was used to collect data from a medical school in Hong Kong. Participants and research context A total of 545 respondents, including 137 nursing students and 408 medical students, completed the questionnaire. Ethical consideration Ethics approval of the study was obtained. Written consent was waived to maintain anonymity because completing the questionnaire was considered implied consent. Findings Both groups of undergraduates demonstrated a high level of bioethics knowledge. In terms of academic integrity, medical students were found to have a less concerned attitude towards punctuality, attendance, and skipping classes. Regarding moral sensitivity, senior medical students with clinical experience put less emphasis on decision-making involving patient participation, while senior nursing students were more hesitant in withholding treatment for incompetent patients who refused treatment. Both nursing and medical students showed decreased moral sensitivity in the ‘conflicts’ domain with increased clinical exposure. Conclusion Study findings contribute to the discussion comparing the ethical attitudes of nursing and medical students. More effort should be made in nursing and medical education to promote practices in line with high academic integrity and to develop the ability to be morally sensitive in professional settings. (shrink)

Cultural competence, a clinical skill to recognise patients' cultural and religious beliefs, is an integral element in patient‐centred medical practice. In the area of death and dying, physicians' understanding of patients' and families' values is essential for the delivery of culturally appropriate care. Dementia is a neurodegenerative condition marked by the decline of cognitive functions. When the condition progresses and deteriorates, patients with advanced dementia often have eating and swallowing problems and are at high risk of developing malnutrition. Enteral tube (...) feeding is a conventional means of providing artificial nutrition and hydration to meet nutritional needs, but its benefits to the frail population are limitedly shown in the clinical evidence. Forgoing tube feeding is ethically challenging when patients are mentally incompetent and in the absence of an advance directive. Unlike some developed countries, like the United States of America, death and dying is a sensitive issue or even a taboo in some cultures in developing countries that forgoing enteral tube feeding is clinically and ethically challenging, such as China and Malaysia. This article in three parts 1) discusses the clinical and ethical issues related to forgoing tube feeding among patients with advanced dementia, 2) describes how Hong Kong Chinese, North American, and Malaysian Islamic cultures respond differently in the decision‐making patterns of forgoing tube feeding for patients with advanced dementia, and 3) reiterates the clinical implications of cultural competence in end‐of‐life care. (shrink)

A growing interest has been observed among K-12 school educators to incorporate maker pedagogy into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education to engage students in the design and making process. Both cognitive engagement and emotional engagement of students can be promoted through satisfying the psychological need of relatedness that concerns a sense of connection and belonging. How to support relatedness would influence the effective development of students’ cognitive competencies, namely creativity and critical thinking, and non-cognitive characteristics, namely interest and identity. (...) Therefore, the present study investigated how two relatedness support strategies—real-world problems and mentoring influence the development of student’s STEM-related cognitive competencies and non-cognitive characteristics in STEM marker activities. We implemented a 7-week intervention study with three classes of Grade 9 students in Hong Kong. Three intervention conditions were designed in the experiment, comprising textbook problem, RWP, and RWP with mentoring. Our analysis showed that the differences in creativity among the three groups were non-significant, the RWP and RWPM groups showed stronger critical thinking than the TBP group, and the RWPM group exhibited stronger STEM interest and identity than the other two groups. This study revealed the effectiveness of adopting RWP strategy in developing secondary students’ perceived cognitive competencies and the feasibility of employing a mentoring mechanism for cultivating learners’ perceived non-cognitive characteristics. Hence, we also offered practical suggestions for teachers. (shrink)

El filósofo español José Ortega y Gasset y su traductora al alemán Helene Weyl intercambiaron correspondencia entre los años 1923 y 1946. José Ortega y Gasset y Helene Weyl formaron parte de dos grandes comunidades de intelectuales europeos: Ortega, representante de la filosofía académica en España y Helene Weyl, representante de una intelectualidad vivida más allá de cualquier corsé academicista. Su correspondencia documenta el desarrollo de dos grandes espíritus europeos así como la singular intersección de estos dos mundos y culturas (...) a través de un momento histórico difícil y turbulento del siglo XX. (shrink)

When making a decision, humans consider two types of information: information they have acquired through their prior experience of the world, and further information they gather to support the decision in question. Here, we present evidence that data from search engines such as Google can help us model both sources of information. We show that statistics from search engines on the frequency of content on the Internet can help us estimate the statistical structure of prior experience; and, specifically, we outline (...) how such statistics can inform psychological theories concerning the valuation of human lives, or choices involving delayed outcomes. Turning to information gathering, we show that search query data might help measure human information gathering, and it may predict subsequent decisions. Such data enable us to compare information gathered across nations, where analyses suggest, for example, a greater focus on the future in countries with a higher per capita GDP. We conclude that search engine data constitute a valuable new resource for cognitive scientists, offering a fascinating new tool for understanding the human decision-making process. (shrink)

Contents: Translator's foreword – Author's foreword – The Sportive Origin of the State (El origen deportivo del Estado, 1924) – Unity and Disunity of Europe (Prólogo para franceses, 1937) – Man the Technician (Meditación de la técnica, 1939) – History as a System (Historia como sistema, 1935) – The Argentine State and the Argentinean (El hombre a la defensiva, 1929).

ABSTRACTDifficulties with inhibiting fear have been associated with the emergence of anxiety problems and poor response to cognitive–behavioural treatment. Fear inhibition problems measured using experimental paradigms involving aversive stimuli may be inappropriate for vulnerable samples and may not capture fear inhibition problems evident in everyday life. We present the Fear Inhibition Questionnaire, a self-report measure of fear inhibition abilities. We assess the FIQ’s factor structure across two cultures and how well it correlates with fear inhibition indices derived experimentally. Adolescent participants (...) from Hong Kong and England completed the FIQ, with the English participants also completing a conditioning and extinction task to assess fear inhibition problems. Across both cultures, the FIQ showed a single factor structure and low FIQ scores, or worse fear inhibition problems, were associated with self-reports of heightened anxiety. Correlation of FIQ scores with experimental indices, whi... (shrink)

Presenting evidence from the social brain, we argue that neural reuse is a dynamic, socially organized process that is influenced ontogenetically and evolutionarily by the cultural transmission of mental techniques, values, and modes of thought. Anderson's theory should be broadened to accommodate cultural effects on the functioning of architecturally similar neural systems, and the implications of these differences for reuse.

What happens at the end of a clinical trial for an investigational neural implant? It may be surprising to learn how difficult it is to answer this question. While new trials are initiated with increasing regularity, relatively little consensus exists on how best to conduct them, and even less on how to ethically end them. The landscape of recent neural implant trials demonstrates wide variability of what happens to research participants after an neural implant trial ends. Some former research participants (...) continue to receive support for their devices (e.g., battery and component replacements, software updates, etc.). Others, when safe, have their neural implants removed through surgical explantation. Still others continue to live with a deactivated neural implant embedded in their body. In the United States, there are no uniform requirements to provide services, of any kind, after an neural implant study ends, and other nations are similarly facing this challenge. The existence of a post-trial gap in an expanding neural implant research ecosystem invites obvious questions: What is owed to neural implant research participants post-trial, and why has providing it been so difficult to accomplish in practice? To take a step forward on this difficult issue, we assembled one group of stakeholders – researchers funded for neuroethics grants by the National Institutes of Health – to explore possible starting points on one topic: ethical guidance for post-trial care of research participants in neural implant trials. Based on shared concerns discussed in the expert workshop the current paper is a call to action. It reports the key areas of convergence from the meeting and highlights important next steps towards developing much needed guidance. (shrink)

Recent studies have shown that population-level time perspectives can be approximated using “big data” on search engine queries, and that these indices, in turn, predict the per-capita Gross Domestic Product of countries. Although these findings seem to support Baumard's suggestion that affluence makes people more future-oriented, they also reveal a more complex relationship between time perspectives and economic outputs.

The inclusion of children with ASD in mainstream classrooms is dramatically impeded by their difficulties in socio-adaptive behaviors. This paper presents a package of mobile applications consisting of both assistive and cognitive rehabilitation applications to support first school inclusion of children with ASD. These applications have been tested in a three-month intervention in mainstream schools and at home, involving 50 participants (30 children with ASD, half of which was equipped and 20 equipped children with intellectual deficiencies). Benefits on socio-adaptive behaviors (...) and social response in school settings, and socio-cognitive functioning have been assessed. The main results showed that equipped children with ASD improved their socio-adaptive behaviors and their social-response in school settings. Both equipped groups increased their socio-cognitive functioning. (shrink)

Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders, also sometimes referred to as psychosurgery, is rapidly evolving, with new techniques and indications being investigated actively. Many within the field have suggested that some form of guidelines or regulations are needed to help ensure that a promising field develops safely. Multiple countries have enacted specific laws regulating NPD. This article reviews NPD-specific laws drawn from North and South America, Asia and Europe, in order to identify the typical form and contents of these laws and to (...) set the groundwork for the design of an optimal regulation for the field. Key challenges for this design that are revealed by the review are how to define the scope of the law, what types of regulations are required, and how to approach international harmonization given the potential migration of researchers and patients. (shrink)

Les deux auteures présentent une réflexion à plusieurs dimensions, composée d’analyses et de pratiques poétiques, sur la vocation et le travail de l’avocate pénaliste confrontée ici, d’une part, aux individuations extrêmes engendrées et révélées par les crimes sexuels et leurs sanctions, y compris capitales, et, d’autre part, aux déterminants globaux d’une culture collective du viol qui résiste et tend à perdurer, malgré les dénonciations et les démonstrations.

Hélène BOUCHILLOUX. — Apologie et théologie dans les Pensées de Pascal, p. 3. Comment concilier l’entreprise apologétique de Pascal avec sa théologie du péché et de la grâce? L’apologiste peut-il persuader de la vérité du christianisme celui dont le cœur n’a pas été préalablement converti par Dieu? S’il ne le peut, quel sens y a-t-il à prétendre précéder l’action divine en proposant à l’incrédule un discours de la preuve? On montre 1 / que la réflexion pascalienne sur l’art de persuader (...) exclut une persuasion sans conversion, puis 2 / qu’en dissociant efficacité et utilité des preuves, les Pensées ne visent autre chose qu’à faire apercevoir une vérité qu’on ne saurait pourtant recevoir sans une humiliation de la raison et une conversion du cœur. (shrink)

Par leur engagement dans la Résistance, les femmes du Midi méditerranéen ont témoigné d'une conscience civique et politique qu'on aurait pu croire plus contrariée par les traditions culturelles locales. Mais à l'intérieur de cet ensemble géographique, ni la condition des femmes, ni les missions et les risques assumés par les résistantes n'apparaissent identiques : un parallèle entre des régions comme le Languedoc et la Corse montre que les motivations et les tâches y ont été sensiblement différentes ; et il donne (...) deux exemples de la hiérarchie entre les sexes dans les milieux résistants du Midi. (shrink)

Par leur engagement dans la Résistance, les femmes du Midi méditerranéen ont témoigné d'une conscience civique et politique qu'on aurait pu croire plus contrariée par les traditions culturelles locales. Mais à l'intérieur de cet ensemble géographique, ni la condition des femmes, ni les missions et les risques assumés par les résistantes n'apparaissent identiques : un parallèle entre des régions comme le Languedoc et la Corse montre que les motivations et les tâches y ont été sensiblement différentes ; et il donne (...) deux exemples de la hiérarchie entre les sexes dans les milieux résistants du Midi. (shrink)

Dans le cadre de la Théorie de la Relation Interlocutive, nous proposons que l’interprétation sémantique et pragmatique de excuse me et sorry, qui ne sont pas, par essence, des marqueurs d’excuse, s’effectue en fonction de deux types de relation interlocutive différents qui conduisent à plusieurs interprétations possibles d’un événement perturbateur. Excuse me est considéré comme marqueur duophonique, c’est-à-dire comme une forme qui impose un désaccord entre un pôle émetteur et un pôle récepteur. On pourra y voir une demande de coopération (...) de l’allocutaire par politesse, pour tenter de réparer un manquement à l’étiquette, ou, bien au contraire, un moyen d’accentuer la nature conflictuelle d’une situation dans un contexte autre qu’un contexte d’excuse. A l’inverse, nous faisons l’hypothèse que sorry est une forme monophonique qui s’emploie pour rétablir l’harmonie interlocutive entre les deux pôles. Avec ce marqueur, la coopération de l’allocutaire est considérée comme acquise, ce qui a pour effet de minimiser le conflit dans des situations d’excuse ou autres. (shrink)

La naissance d’un bébé prématuré ou malade et son arrivée dans un service de réanimation néonatale sont traumatiques pour les parents. Les rites habituels entourant une naissance ne peuvent se mettre en place. Certaines familles font preuve d’une imagination créatrice pour y palier, en introduisant des mythes et rites plus inédits et personnels, comme en témoignent les histoires d’Ulysse et d’Aimé, deux bébés hospitalisés. D’autres familles, sidérées psychiquement par la violence de l’événement, écrasées par un fort sentiment d’impuissance, trouveront appui (...) sur de nouveaux rites et pratiques soignantes, développés dans le service de réanimation, pour permettre aux parents de symboliser ce passage. (shrink)

Le passage à la retraite bouleverse les individus dans leur temporalité vécue aussi bien que dans leur temporalité narrative. Le récit de la retraite prend la forme d’une épreuve qu’il faut traverser et dépasser. Pour y parvenir, les individus puisent dans des schémas narratifs typiques de notre modernité, en particulier la rhétorique du choix, de la responsabilité et de la réalisation personnelle. Quelle forme prend le récit de l’épreuve de la retraite ? Quelles ressources réflexives sont-elles mobilisées ? Et en (...) quoi ces ressources renvoient-elles à des formes de capital culturel ? Pour finir, quelle articulation y a-t-il entre le temps vécu et le temps du récit ? Telles seront les questions posées à partir d’une analyse de récits de vie menés avec des retraités belges en pleine période de transition ou l’ayant vécue récemment. (shrink)

Aux périodes archaïques et classiques, les femmes grecques pourvoyaient des soins aux moments les plus importants de la vie, comme la naissance et la mort : pourtant ce n’est pas ce care qu’a mis en avant l’historiographie de la médecine, mais bien le cure masculin des médecins hippocratiques. À rebours, cet article met en avant ce care féminin. Fondée sur les documents textuels, épigraphiques et iconographiques, l’étude aborde la figure d’Hécamède, femme pourvoyeuse de soins efficaces mais non techniques aux guerriers (...) de l’Iliade d’Homère. La deuxième partie analyse le travail de care invisible et dévalué des femmes libres et esclaves au sein de l’oikos. Le soin des malades, des enfants et des vieilles personnes y échoit aux femmes adultes. Une troisième partie s’intéresse aux soignantes aux fortes compétences techniques parfois rémunérées, à mi-chemin entre care et cure : sages-femmes et femmes médecins de la période classique, jamais très éloignées du care puisque spécialisées dans les soins d’entretien de la vie : accouchement, soin des enfants et des femmes. (shrink)

À partir d’une enquête de l’ethnologue Julie Delalande (2009) portant à la fois sur la pratique dans de nombreux pays de rituels liés à la perte des dents de lait et sur les croyances des élèves en France de la grande section de maternelle jusqu’en ce1, l’auteure propose d’analyser ce qui se joue entre les parents et l’enfant à travers le rituel et l’histoire de la « petite souris ». L’auteur postule que ceux-ci ont une fonction culturelle qui rend transitionnelle (...) l’expérience d’une perte pour l’enfant et qui lui permet de vivre des éprouvés de « merveilleuse inquiétante étrangeté » alors que la perte des dents de lait pourrait lui rappeler des angoisses archaïques de morcellement, des désirs cannibaliques, des angoisses de castration. L’analyse comparative des rituels selon les pays à propos de la chute des dents de lait permet de dégager ce qu’il y a de spécifique au rituel de la « petite souri s » : la question de la sublimation de l’analité en famille contre le retour d’angoisses archaïques et de castration. (shrink)

La Divine Comédie est le récit poétique d'une vision, d'une expérience surnaturelle qui se fait toujours plus intense, et que le langage peine toujours davantage à traduire. La mission de Dante consiste à rapporter cette vision. La question que nous pose la Divine Comédie réside dans la différence entre l'intraduisible et l'indicible: y a-t-il un intraduisible dicible? Ou en d'autres termes : quelle est, au-delà du topos de l'indicible poétique, et au-delà de la figure rhétorique de la prétérition, la signification (...) conceptuelle de l'expression du "dire" dans la Divine Comédie? (shrink)

This paper is devoted to Ibn Sinān's treatise on analysis and synthesis. Ibn Sinān's text deals with two distinct, though closely related, subjects. First he considers the classification of problems, founded on the logical criteria which are the number and degree of indetermination of the solutions and the number of hypotheses and their possible independence. This classification does not replace the Hellenistic one, which remains relevant insofar as it purports to solve geometrical problems, but complements it and has a different (...) frame of reference, applying principally to algebra, that new born science. Ibn Sinān's classification will be taken up and used by algebraists. Secondly, the text presents a new way of setting out analysis and synthesis, so that they become exactly reciprocal. This leads Ibn Sinān to bestow more importance on the role played by analysis in the course of the proof, the only role left to synthesis being to check that all implications involved in the course of analysis are in fact equivalences. This method will prove to be productive in algebra too, so much so that some algebraists will explicitly identify algebra with analysis. Cet article est consacré au traité d'lbn Sinān sur l'analyse et la synthèse; Ibn Sinān y aborde deux sujets distincts quoique étroitement liés: – une classification des problèmes, fondée sur les critères logiques que sont le nombre et le degré d'indetermination des solutions, ainsi que, mais de façon moins pertinente, le nombre des hypothèses et leur éventuelle indépendance. Cette classification ne se substitue pas à la classification hellénistique qui garde sa pertinence en matière de problèmes de géométrie, mais se développe à côté de celleci dans un cadre radicalement différent, et est directement applicable à l'algebre, science qui se crée aux X e et XI e siècles. La classification d'Ibn Sinān sera reprise et utilisée par les algébristes; – une nouvelle façon d'exposer l'analyse et la synthèse d'un problème, afin qu'elles deviennent exactement inverses l'une de l'autre, ce qui conduit Ibn Sinān à accorder dans ses démonstrations une importance accrue à l'analyse, le rôle de la synthèse n'etant plus que de vérifier que toutes les implications mises en œuvre dans l'analyse sont en fait des équivalences. C'est en algèbre également que cette méthode se montrera féconde, au point que certains algébristes n'hésiteront pas à identifier l'algèbre et l'analyse. (shrink)

El presente artículo demuestra que el anhelo por el más allá que había expresado Juan Larrea en su poesía llega a su culminación en Diario del Nuevo Mundo. La experiencia vivida en el exilio mexicano le impulsa a abandonar el yo subjetivo y dejarse absorber por una conciencia objetiva que viene a constituir el epicentro de su proyecto filosófico. De esta manera, Larrea funda en Diario del Nuevo Mundo los principios constitutivos de una filosofía transcendental a la vez que describe (...) la situación personal en la que se encuentra. Además, el artículo mantiene que Larrea es de los más radicales entre los pensadores exiliados en su crítica de la racionalidad tecno-científica y que el proyecto de Larrea solo es posible porque se apoya en disciplinas tradicionalmente marginalizadas dentro de la filosofía como son la psicología, la religión y la poesía. (shrink)

Studies of Y chromosome evolution often emphasize gene loss, but this loss has been counterbalanced by addition of new genes. The DAZ genes, which are critical to human spermatogenesis, were acquired by the Y chromosome in the ancestor of Old World monkeys and apes. We and our colleagues recently sequenced the rhesus macaque Y chromosome, and comparison of this sequence to human and chimpanzee enables us to reconstruct much of the evolutionary history of DAZ. We report that DAZ arrived on (...) the Y chromosome about 38 million years ago via the transposition of at least 1.1 megabases of autosomal DNA. This transposition also brought five additional genes to the Y chromosome, but all five genes were subsequently lost through mutation or deletion. As the only surviving gene, DAZ experienced extensive restructuring, including intragenic amplification and gene duplication, and has been the target of positive selection in the chimpanzee lineage.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Should Y stay or should Y go: The evolution of non‐recombining sex chromosomes Abstract. (shrink)

Un texto no siempre puede ser traducido sin traicionar el sentido del original. Una novela juvenil concebida con el propósito de transmitir conocimientos contendrá a menudo informaciones que un público coetáneo que vive en otro país no necesitará, y, al revés, puede haber que añadir en la traducción informaciones específicas para el público destinatario ausentes en la novela original. La reflexión en torno a la resolución de las dificultades encontradas en la traducción de cuatro textos, las distintas tipologías traductivas utilizadas (...) y su generalización aportan al eterno dilema traducción – adaptación las observaciones realizadas desde la novela juvenil con contenido científico. (shrink)

The connection between law, language and knowledge representation is evoked in its theoretical framework, in the light of recent developments in linguistics, philosophy, theory of law and congnitivescience on wich artificial intelligence is based. The conditions and limitations of the modelisation of law are examined. Conclusions are draw concerning the feasibility; usefulness and limitations of “trans-frontier” expert-systems.

The potential to collect brain data more directly, with higher resolution, and in greater amounts has heightened worries about mental and brain privacy. In order to manage the risks to individuals posed by these privacy challenges, some have suggested codifying new privacy rights, including a right to “mental privacy.” In this paper, we consider these arguments and conclude that while neurotechnologies do raise significant privacy concerns, such concerns are—at least for now—no different from those raised by other well-understood data collection (...) technologies, such as gene sequencing tools and online surveillance. To better understand the privacy stakes of brain data, we suggest the use of a conceptual framework from information ethics, Helen Nissenbaum’s “contextual integrity” theory. To illustrate the importance of context, we examine neurotechnologies and the information flows they produce in three familiar contexts—healthcare and medical research, criminal justice, and consumer marketing. We argue that by emphasizing what is distinct about brain privacy issues, rather than what they share with other data privacy concerns, risks weakening broader efforts to enact more robust privacy law and policy. (shrink)

Marie-Hélène Desmeules | : Contre l’idée d’un temps fixe enveloppant notre expérience, les travaux de Paul Ricoeur nous permettent de penser que non seulement notre expérience du temps n’est pas si fixe qu’elle n’y paraît, mais qu’elle est en outre transformée par des refigurations découlant de nos médiations objectives. Ces médiations objectives ne se limitent pas à la narration, mais couvrent également l’amnistie, la prescription, la promesse, le pardon et les objets de notre monde familier. Chacune à leur façon, les (...) médiations examinées opèrent une synthèse du passé, du présent et du futur, au point de bouleverser le temps chronologique et successif du courant de la conscience. Ultimement, nous prendrons les réflexions de Paul Ricoeur comme ressources pour penser les implications éthiques des transformations de notre expérience du temps. Car chaque expérience du temps n’ouvre et ne ferme pas les mêmes possibilités, comme le rapport entre le pardon et l’homme capable devrait le montrer. | : Against the idea of a fixed time in which our experience would take place, Paul Ricoeur’s works allow us to think that our experience of time is not so fixed as it seems, and furthermore, that it is transformed by some refigurations which follow from an objective mediation. These objective mediation is not restricted to narrative, but also covers amnesty, prescription, promise, forgiveness and familiar things. Each examined mediation performs in its own way a synthesis of past, present and futur, to the point of changing the chronological and successive time of consciousness’ stream. We will also consider Ricoeur’s thoughts as a possibility to think ethical implications of transformations in our time experience. Every experience of time does not open and close the same ethical possibilities, as the connection between forgiveness and capable man should show it. (shrink)

Comment concilier l'entreprise apologétique de Pascal avec sa théologie du péché et de la grace? L'apologiste peut-il persuader de la vérité du christianisme celui dont le cœur n'a pas été préalablement converti par Dieu? S'il ne le peut, quel sens y a-t-il à prétendre précéder l'action divine en proposant à l'incrédule un discours de la preuve? On montre 1 / que la réflexion pascalienne sur l'art de persuader exclut une persuasion sans conversion, puis 2 / qu'en dissociant efficacité et utilité (...) des preuves, les Pensées ne visent autre chose qu'à faire apercevoir une vérité qu'on ne saurait pourtant recevoir sans une humiliation de la raison et une conversion du cœur. Is there a way to make Pascal 's apologetic enterprise consistent with his theology of sin and grace? Can the apologist persuade someone of the truth of Christianity if that person's heart has not been converted beforehand by God? If he cannot, then what meaning can there be in the claim that one is preceding divine action by presenting the unbeliever with a discourse based on proof? It is shown here 1 / that Pascal 's thinking about the art of persuasion rides out the possibility of persuasion without conversion and 2 / that in distinguishing between the effectiveness and the usefulness of proofs, the Pensées aim only to cause the unbeliever to perceive a truth that he cannot receive without a humiliation of reason and a conversion of the heart. (shrink)

Le présent article propose d’étudier le métissage culturel, social et linguistique qui compose les identités féminines dans les œuvres de Malika Mokeddem, auteure algérienne de langue française. Cette écrivaine, engagée dans la dénonciation des inégalités entre femmes et hommes, y interroge la notion d’identité à travers l’exploration de différentes images hybrides des corps — l’altérité y tenant une place prépondérante. Refuser le clivage identitaire apparaît dans ses productions romanesques comme un acte fécond, car cela permet d’échapper à l’enfermement dans les (...) clichés et les stéréotypes, en amenant à la création d’identités nomades et plurielles. Dès lors, on ne saurait parler du corps féminin, au singulier, mais bien des corps féminins. Les nombreuses hybridations construisent la réflexion sur les corps des femmes : la singularité d’une identité essentialisante est réfutée au profit d’un corps-texte, se faisant le support des identités plurielles des femmes. This paper wishes to study the cultural, social and linguistic interbreeding which forms women’s identities in Malika Mokeddem’s books, a French-speaking Algerian author. Committed to the denunciation of inequalities between men and women, this author question the notion of identity through the exploration of several hybrid images of bodies—where otherness occupies an important place. In her fictional productions, to refuse the identity division seems a fertile action: it allows to escape from an imprisonment of clichés and stereotypes, by creating nomadic and plural identities. From then on, we can’t speak of a “woman body” but only of women bodies, in its plural form. The various hybridations build a reflection about the bodies of women: the singularity of an essentializing identity is refuted in favour of a “body-text” becoming the medium of women’s plural identities. (shrink)

Le terme « incasable » est récurrent dans le champ de la protection de l’enfance. Il désigne ces jeunes en rupture sociale, scolaire, éducative et souvent en absence de soin face auxquels les professionnels se sentent régulièrement démunis. À travers un dispositif thérapeutique théâtre, cet article a pour objectif d’interroger la prise en charge de jeunes dits « incasables » et d’améliorer les pratiques cliniques et éducatives. L’atelier théâtre rassemble six jeunes placés en foyer. L’accent est mis ici sur le (...) suivi de l’un d’eux, un jeune dont la famille a demandé le placement. Les premières réflexions cliniques soulignent comment ce jeune participant à l’atelier thérapeutique théâtre parvient à s’ancrer dans le groupe et à y advenir comme sujet. La représentation des images parentales émerge au fur et à mesure qu’un récit se construit dans le jeu. (shrink)

Teaching evaluations are in this case a means of judging the effectiveness of teaching and learning state measures. Analysis of 38 French teachers’ school reports in agricultural High Schools highlights certain aspects of teaching practices while thirteen reports graded unsatisfactory as teachers failed teaching standards help unveil teacher assessment practices. The analyses lead to the building of a teacher practice model while showing that teacher evaluation focus more on teaching practices and teaching resources than on student learning or the teaching-learning (...) process. Les inspections pédagogiques sont ici un moyen d’approcher « l’efficacité institutionnelle » des dispositifs d’enseignement-apprentissage. L’analyse de 38 rapports d’inspection d’enseignants en lycées agricoles français met en évidence les dimensions des pratiques enseignantes qui y sont convoquées. L’analyse de treize rapports d’inspection défavorables au maintien de l’enseignant dans le métier contribue à expliciter le référent des pratiques lors d’évaluation. Ces analyses aboutissent à une modélisation des pratiques d’enseignement. Elles montrent que les évaluations portent d’avantage sur les pratiques d’enseignement que sur l’apprentissage des élèves, d’avantage sur les moyens mis en œuvre pour enseigner que sur le processus d’enseignement-apprentissage. (shrink)